ECCouncil 212-89 EC Council Certified Incident Handler (ECIH v2) Exam Practice Test

In the scenario where your company sells Software as a Service (SaaS) and is hosted on the cloud using it as a Platform as a Service (PaaS), your company is responsible for eradicating malware in your customer's database. This is because, as the SaaS provider, your company manages the software and is responsible for its security and maintenance, including the databases that store customer data. While the PaaS provider is responsible for the underlying infrastructure, platform, and possibly some middleware security aspects, the application layer security, including data and application management, falls to the SaaS provider. Building management would not be involved in digital security matters, and while customers are responsible for their data, the actual software maintenance and security in a SaaS model are the provider's responsibility.References:Incident Handler (ECIH v3) certification materials often discuss cloud service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) and their associated security responsibilities, highlighting the importance of understanding who is responsible for what in cloud environments.

The Barracuda Email Security Gateway is designed to manage and filter inbound and outbound email traffic to protect organizations from email-borne threats and data leaks. As an incident handler analyzing email headers to find out suspicious emails, using a tool like the Barracuda Email Security Gateway would be appropriate. This tool can help identify and block spam, phishing, malware, and other malicious email threats, making it easier to focus on analyzing potentially harmful emails more closely.

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF or XSRF) is an attack that tricks the victim's browser into executing unauthorized actions on a website where they are currently authenticated. In this scenario, the attacker exploits the trust that a site has in the user's browser, effectively forcing the browser to perform actions without the user's knowledge or consent. For example, if the user is logged into their bank's website, an attacker could craft a malicious request to transfer funds without the user's direct interaction. CSRF attacks rely on authenticated sessions and typically target state-changing requests to compromise user or application data.

References:The Certified Incident Handler (ECIH v3) curriculum by EC-Council discusses various web-based attacks, including CSRF, detailing their mechanisms, implications, and preventive measures to safeguard against such threats.

Static analysis involves examining the malware's memory dumps or binary codes without executing the code. This technique is used to find traces of malware by analyzing the code to understand its purpose, functionality, and potential impact. Static analysis allows for the identification of malicious signatures, strings, or other indicators of compromise within the malware's code. This method is contrasted with dynamic analysis, which studies the malware's behavior during execution, live system analysis, which examines running systems, and intrusion analysis, which focuses on detecting and analyzing breaches.References:The ECIH v3 certification program includes malware analysis techniques, highlighting static analysis as a key method for investigating malware without the risk of executing it on a live system.

Pharming is a cyber attack intended to redirect a website's traffic to another, bogus website. By poisoning a DNS server's cache, attackers can redirect users from the site they intended to visit to one that is malicious, without the user's knowledge or any action on their part, such as clicking a deceptive link. This technique is particularly insidious because it can affect well-intentioned users who type the correct URL into their browsers but are still redirected. War driving involves searching for wireless networks from a moving vehicle, skimming refers to stealing credit card information using a device placed on ATMs or point-of-sale terminals, and pretexting is a form of social engineering where the attacker lies to obtain privileged data.References:The Incident Handler (ECIH v3) certification program covers a variety of cyber attacks and techniques, including DNS poisoning and pharming, explaining how attackers exploit vulnerabilities to redirect users to fraudulent sites.

Logging User IDs (D) can pose privacy concerns and may conflict with regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which emphasizes the protection of personal data and privacy. Therefore, while logging details such as Timestamps, Session IDs, and Source IP addresses are essential for security auditing to track when events occur, who is initiating sessions, and from where, care must be taken with User IDs. The handling of personally identifiable information (PII) must comply with privacy laws and organizational policies to safeguard individual privacy rights.

References:Security best practices and compliance frameworks discussed in the ECIH v3 certification guide incident handlers on what information should and should not be logged, emphasizing the need to balance security auditing requirements with privacy and regulatory obligations.

By classifying and encrypting customer Personally Identifiable Information (PHI), you are specifically guarding against the risk of Sensitive Data Exposure. This OWASP security risk involves the accidental or unlawful exposure of protected data to unauthorized individuals. Encryption serves as a critical defense mechanism by ensuring that, even if data is accessed without authorization, it remains unintelligible and useless to the attacker without the decryption keys. Data classification further supports this by identifying which data is sensitive and requires such protections, ensuring that appropriate security controls are applied to prevent exposure.References:OWASP Top 10, a widely respected document that outlines the most critical web application security risks, identifies Sensitive Data Exposure as a key risk area. Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses and study guides often refer to the OWASP Top 10 to explain common web security risks and appropriate countermeasures, including the importance of encrypting sensitive data.

A permissive security policy is one that allows employees broad freedoms in terms of internet access, application downloads, and remote access capabilities. In the scenario described, the incident response team identifies that the lack of restrictions is a significant security threat that could be exploited by attackers, indicating that the current policy is permissive. Modifying this policy would involve implementing more stringent controls on what sites can be visited, what applications can be downloaded, and how remote access is granted, moving towards a more controlled and secure environment. This approach contrasts with paranoic, prudent, and promiscuous policies, each of which has its own characteristics and applications in cybersecurity frameworks.References:The ECIH v3 certification materials often discuss security policies within the context of organizational security posture, emphasizing how varying degrees of restrictiveness impact security and risk.

Network forensic tools are designed to capture, record, and analyze network traffic. Tools like Capsa Network Analyzer, Tcpdump, and Wireshark are specifically designed for this purpose, providing capabilities to capture live traffic, analyze packets, and understand network activities. Capsa Network Analyzer is a comprehensive network monitoring tool, Tcpdump is a powerful command-line packet analyzer, and Wireshark is a widely used network protocol analyzer that provides detailed information about network traffic.

Advanced NTFS Journaling Parser, on the other hand, is not a network forensic tool but a tool used for forensic analysis of NTFS file systems. It parses the NTFS journal ($LogFile), which contains a log of changes made to files on an NTFS volume. This tool is valuable for forensic analysts who are investigating the file system activities on a Windows system, such as file creation, modification, and deletion times, rather than analyzing network traffic. Therefore, it does not fit the category of a network forensic tool.

References:The ECIH v3 curriculum from EC-Council covers a range of tools useful for incident handlers and forensic analysts, distinguishing between network forensic tools and those used for other types of forensic analysis, such as file system investigation.

In the practice of digital forensics and incident handling, evidence bags play a crucial role in preserving the integrity and chain of custody of physical and digital evidence. The information typically included in the documentation on evidence bags encompasses the date and time of seizure, which provides a timestamp for when the evidence was collected; the exhibit number, which is a unique identifier assigned to each piece of evidence for tracking and reference purposes; and the name of the incident responder or individual who collected the evidence, ensuring accountability and traceability. This documentation is essential for maintaining the chain of custody, a critical element in legal proceedings, as it helps establish the evidence's authenticity and integrity by detailing its handling from collection to presentation in court. Options A, B, and C describe types of digital evidence but are not directly related to the content typically documented on evidence bags.References:Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses and study guides emphasize the importance of accurately documenting evidence bags as part of the evidence collection and preservation process in incident handling and digital forensics.

Live data acquisition is the process of collecting volatile data from a system that is still running. Volatile data includes information stored in system memory (RAM), cache, and system and network configuration settings that are lost when the system is powered off. This method is essential for capturing data that can provide insights into the state of the system at the time of an incident, including active network connections, running processes, and the contents of memory. Marley must employ live data acquisition to ensure that this crucial and ephemeral data is not lost, which can be pivotal in understanding and responding to the incident effectively.

References:The concept of live data acquisition is discussed in the ECIH v3 certification program by EC-Council, which emphasizes its importance in the context of incident handling and response for capturing volatile information that could be critical to the investigation.

A Trojan, short for Trojan horse, is a type of malicious software that misleads users of its true intent. It disguises itself as a legitimate and useful program, but once executed, it allows unauthorized access to the user's system. Unlike viruses and worms, Trojans do not replicate themselves but can be just as destructive. They are often used to create a backdoor to a computer system, allowing an attacker to gain access to the system or to deliver other malware. Trojans can be used for a variety of purposes, including stealing information, downloading or uploading files, monitoring the user's screen and keyboard, and more. The term "Trojan" comes from the Greek story of the wooden horse that was used to sneak soldiers into the city of Troy, which is analogous to the deceptive nature of this type of malware in cyber security.

References:The EC-Council's Certified Incident Handler (ECIH v3) program covers various types of malware, including Trojans, in detail, explaining their mechanisms, how they can be identified, and the steps to take in response to such threats.

As of my last update, the most recent NIST standard for incident response was NIST Special Publication 800-61 Revision 2 (800-61r2), titled "Computer Security Incident Handling Guide." This document provides guidelines for establishing an effective incident response program, including preparation, detection and analysis, containment, eradication, recovery, and post-incident activity.

References:The document is a key resource in the field of incident response, frequently cited in the ECIH v3 curriculum for its comprehensive guidelines on managing and responding to cybersecurity incidents.

Espionage, in the context of information security incidents, refers to the unauthorized access and theft of proprietary information for competitive advantage. In the scenario described, where proprietary information was stolen from Delmont's enterprise network and passed onto their competitors, this directly aligns with the definition of espionage. The incident involves deliberate targeting and extraction of sensitive business information, which is then used by competitors to gain a market advantage. Such actions not only compromise the confidentiality of business-critical information but can also significantly impact the financial stability and competitive positioning of the victim organization.

References:The Certified Incident Handler (ECIH v3) curriculum by EC-Council discusses various information security incidents, including espionage, highlighting the need for comprehensive security measures, incident detection capabilities, and effective response strategies to protect against and respond to such threats.

Obfuscation is a technique used to make data or code difficult to understand. It is often employed by attackers to conceal the true intent of their code or communications, making it harder for security professionals, automated tools, and others to analyze or detect malicious activity. Obfuscation can involve the use of ambiguous or misleading language, as well as more technical methods such as encoding, encryption, or the use of nonsensical variable names in source code to hide its true functionality.

References:The ECIH v3 program discusses various techniques attackers use to evade detection, including obfuscation, highlighting how it complicates the analysis and understanding of malicious payloads.

Leaving sensitive business details over voicemail or sending them out through email broadcast messages is not a best practice for security. This approach significantly increases the risk of information leakage and unauthorized access to critical business information. Such practices can be exploited by insiders to conduct malicious activities, including data theft, fraud, or sabotage. The best practices for mitigating insider threats involve implementing strict access controls, monitoring and auditing employee actions, securing communications, and ensuring that sensitive information is only shared through secure and authorized channels. Encouraging or allowing the practice of leaving sensitive business details in such insecure manners contradicts the principles of information security and increases the vulnerability to insider attacks.

References:ECIH v3 courses and study materials stress the importance of implementing strong security policies and practices to mitigate the risk of insider threats. These include controlling access to information, monitoring use of corporate resources, and securingcommunication channels to ensure that sensitive information is not exposed or mishandled within the organization.

Evidence assessment is a critical step in the investigation phase of the computer forensics process. This step involves evaluating the evidence collected to determine its relevance and significance to the case at hand. It includes analyzing the secured data to identify what information can be used as evidence, its integrity, and how it can be related to the security incident. This phase is pivotal as it helps in building a coherent understanding of the incident and in establishing facts that can be presented in management reports or legal proceedings.

References:The Certified Incident Handler (ECIH v3) by EC-Council includes a comprehensive discussion on the computer forensics investigation process, detailing steps from securing evidence to analyzing and assessing it within the context of an investigation.

A side channel attack, as described in the scenario, involves an attacker using indirect methods to gather information from a system. In this case, Alice is exploiting the shared physical resources, specifically the processor cache, of a virtual machine host to steal data from another virtual machine on the same host. This type of attack does not directly breach the system through conventional means like breaking encryption but instead takes advantage of the information leaked by the physical implementation of the system, such as timing information, power consumption, electromagnetic leaks, or, as in this case, shared resource utilization, to infer the secret data.

References:The EC-Council's Certified Incident Handler (ECIH v3) program covers various types of cyber attacks, including advanced techniques like side channel attacks, highlighting the need for comprehensive security strategies that consider both direct and indirect attack vectors.

In the context of collecting physical evidence during a cyber forensic investigation, Patrick must consider items like removable media, cables, and publications. These items can contain crucial information related to the crime, such as data storage devices (USB drives, external hard drives), cables connected to potentially relevant devices, and any printed materials that might have information or clues about the incident. Open ports, services, and OS vulnerabilities, DNS information, and published name servers and web application source code, while important in digital forensics, do not constitute physical evidence in the traditional sense.References:Incident Handler (ECIH v3) study guides and courses detail the process of evidence collection in cyber forensic investigations, emphasizing the importance of securing physical evidence that could support digital forensic analysis.

The scenario described fits the characteristics of an Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attack. APTs are sophisticated, stealthy, and continuous computer hacking processes often orchestrated by groups targeting a specific entity. These attackers penetrate the network through vulnerabilities, maintain access without detection, and achieve their objectives, such as data exfiltration or financial theft, over an extended period. The fact that attackers exploited a minor vulnerability, maintained access for six months, and performed lateral movements to access critical systems for fraudulent transactions highlights the strategic planning and persistence typical of APT attacks.References:Incident Handler (ECIH v3) certification materials discuss APTs in detail, including their methodologies, objectives, and the importance of comprehensive security strategies to detect and mitigate such threats.

Omnipeek is a network analyzer tool that allows for the capture and analysis of data packets transmitted across a network. It is designed to provide deep insights into network traffic, enabling users to examine various aspects of the data packets, including network protocols, ports, devices, and potential issues in network transmission. This tool would be ideal for Chandler, who is targeting the Technote organization with the intent of intercepting and analyzing network traffic to obtain sensitive organizational information. Omnipeek's capabilities in packet analysis make it suitable for such activities, offering detailed visibility into the network's operation and data flows.References:The ECIH v3 certification program includes discussions on network monitoring and analysis tools, including packet sniffers like Omnipeek, and their role in both cybersecurity defense and offensive activities like hacking.

Restoring web application services with the help of existing backups, as performed by Robert, falls under the Recovery stage of the Incident Handling and Response (IH&R) process. The Recovery stage involves actions taken to return the organization to normal operations after an incident, which includes restoring systems to their operational state using backups, patching vulnerabilities, and ensuring that all systems are clean and secure before being brought back online. This step is crucial for resuming business operations and mitigating the impact of the incident.

In Wireshark, the filtericmp.type==8is used to detect ping sweep attempts. ICMP type 8 messages are echo requests, which are used in ping operations to check the availability of a network device. A ping sweep involves sending ICMP echo requests to multiple addresses to discover active devices on a network. By filtering for ICMP type 8 messages in Wireshark, Bran can identify these echo requests, helping to pinpoint ping sweep activities on the network.

References:Wireshark, as a network protocol analyzer, is frequently discussed in the ECIH v3 program, with particular emphasis on its utility in detecting network reconnaissance activities like ping sweeps through specific filter usage.

The guideline that helps incident handlers to eradicate insider attacks by privileged users is to ensure accountability by not enabling default administrative accounts. Instead, organizations should require administrators and privileged users to use individual accounts that can be audited and traced back to specific actions and users. This practice enhances security by ensuring that all actions taken on the system can be attributed to individual users, reducing the risk of misuse of privileges and making it easier to identify the source of malicious activities or policy violations. The other options listed either present insecure practices or misunderstandings of security protocols that would not help in eradicating insider attacks.References:The ECIH v3 certification materials discuss strategies for managing and mitigating the risks associated with privileged users, including the importance of accountability and the controlled use of administrative privileges to prevent insider threats.

Eradication is the step in the incident handling and response process where the root cause of an incident is removed, and measures are taken to close all attack vectors to prevent similar incidents in the future. After an incident has been properly contained to stop it from spreading or causing further damage, the eradication phase focuses on eliminating the source of the incident. This could involve removing malware, closing vulnerabilities, or implementing stronger security measures to address the exploitation paths used by the attacker.

In the scenario with Raven, notifying service providers and developers of affected resources is part of the actions taken to address the root cause of the incident. This ensures that any vulnerabilities or issues that contributed to the incident are fixed. By working to remove the root cause and secure the system against similar attacks, Raven is effectively implementing the eradication step of the incident handling process.

References:The EC-Council's Certified Incident Handler (ECIH v3) curriculum outlines the steps involved in handling and responding to security incidents, with a clear emphasis on the importance of eradication in resolving incidents and securing systems for the future. This step is crucial for ensuring that incidents are not only resolved in the short term but also that the underlying issues are addressed to prevent recurrence.

An active assessment involves using automated tools to scan and probe the network actively to identify hosts, services, and vulnerabilities. This type of assessment directly interacts with the network components to gather information about the existing security posture, unlike passive assessments, which analyze traffic without sending packets to the target systems. Dickson's approach, employing automated tools to identify the network's hosts, services, and vulnerabilities, fits the definition of an active assessment. This method provides a more immediate understanding of the network's vulnerabilities, allowing for timely remediation actions.

References:The ECIH v3 program includes discussions on vulnerability assessment techniques, highlighting the differences between active and passive assessments and their applicability in identifying network security issues.

When a corporate network's servers are sending huge amounts of traffic to a specific website, as detected by the network's Intrusion Prevention System (IPS), this behavior is indicative of a Botnet attack. A Botnet is a network of compromised computers, often referred to as "bots," that are controlled remotely by an attacker, typically without the knowledge of the owners of the computers. The attacker can command these bots to execute distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, send spam, or conduct other malicious activities. In this scenario, the servers behaving as bots and targeting a website with large volumes of traffic suggests that they have been co-opted into a Botnet to potentially perform a DDoS attack on the website abc.xyz.References:Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses and study guides discuss various types of cyber threats and attack vectors, including Botnets and their role in distributed cyber attacks.

The DBCC LOG command is used in SQL Server environments to analyze the transaction log files of a database. It provides insights into the transactions that have occurred, which is crucial for forensic analysis in the event of an incident. The syntaxDBCC LOG(<database_name>, <output_level>)allows an incident handler to specify the level of detail they wish to retrieve from the log files. When an incident handler like Adam requires the full information on each operation along with the hex dump of the current transaction row, the output parameter should be set to 4. This level of output is the most verbose, providing comprehensive details about each transaction, including a hex dump which is essential for a deep forensic analysis. It helps in understanding the exact changes made by transactions, which can be pivotal in investigating incidents involving data manipulation or other unauthorized database activities.

References:EC-Council's Certified Incident Handler (ECIH v3) program emphasizes the importance of understanding and utilizing various tools and commands for forensic analysis, including how to use the DBCC LOG command for transaction log analysis in SQL Server environments.

An inappropriate usage incident involves misuse of the organization's resources or violations of its acceptable use policies. Sam's actions, where he sends emails to third-party organizations with a spoofed email address of his employer, constitute misuse of the organization's email system and misrepresentation of the organization. This behavior can harm the organization's reputation, violate policy, and potentially lead to legal consequences. Inappropriate usage incidents can range from unauthorized use of systems for personal gain to the dissemination of unapproved content.

References:The Incident Handler (ECIH v3) by EC-Council includes discussions on various types of security incidents, emphasizing the importance of addressing and mitigating not just external threats but also internal misuse and policy violations.

User Behavior Analytics (UBA) is a cybersecurity process or tool that utilizes machine learning, algorithms, and statistical analyses to detect potentially harmful activities within an organization's network by comparing them against established patterns of users' behavior. It is particularly effective in identifying malicious internal actors or compromised users who may be conducting activities that deviate from their normal behavior patterns, such as accessing unauthorized data or systems, excessive file downloads, or unusual login times. UBA tools can flag these activities for further investigation, often before traditional security tools detect a breach. In contrast, SOC2 compliance reports, log forwarding, and syslog configuration are important for maintaining and auditing security standards and for infrastructure monitoring, but they are not primarily focused on detecting malicious behavior based on deviations from established user behavior patterns.References:The Incident Handler (ECIH v3) curriculum discusses various tools and methodologies for detecting and responding to security incidents, highlighting User Behavior Analytics as a key tool for identifying insider threats and compromised accounts through behavioral monitoring and analysis.

The scenario described is characteristic of a Trojan. A Trojan is a type of malware that disguises itself as legitimate software but performs malicious actions once installed. Unlike viruses, which can replicate themselves, or worms, which can spread across networks on theirown, Trojans rely on the guise of legitimacy to trick users into initiating their execution. In this case, the user believed they were downloading and installing genuine software, but the reality was that the application contained a Trojan. The malicious code executed upon installation provided unauthorized remote access to the user's computer, which could be used by an attacker to control the system, steal data, install additional malware, or carry out other malicious activities.

Trojans can come in many forms and can be used to achieve a wide range of malicious objectives, making them a versatile and dangerous type of cyber threat. The deceptive nature of Trojans, exploiting the trust users have in what appears to be legitimate software, is what makes them particularly effective and widespread.

References:The ECIH v3 curriculum from EC-Council thoroughly covers different types of malware, including Trojans, and emphasizes understanding their behavior, methods of infection, and strategies for prevention and response.

Phishing emails often share common characteristics designed to manipulate the recipient into taking immediate action. One of the hallmark features is the use of urgency, threatening language, or promising subject lines in the emails. These tactics are intended to create a sense of urgency or fear, compelling the recipient to respond quickly without giving due consideration to the legitimacy of the email. Phishing emails may claim that the recipient's account has been compromised, that they need to confirm personal information immediately, or that they have won a prize. The goal is to trick the recipient into clicking on malicious links, opening attachments, or providing sensitive information.

References:The Certified Incident Handler (ECIH v3) program by EC-Council covers the identification and handling of phishing incidents, including the analysis of phishing emails and the importance of educating users on recognizing and responding to phishing attempts.

In the context of an incident response team, the role of an internal auditor like David includes identifying, evaluating, and reporting on information security risks and vulnerabilities within the organization. His responsibility is to ensure that the organization's security controls are effective and to identify any security loopholes that could be exploited by attackers. Once identified, he reports these vulnerabilities to management so that they can take the necessary actions to mitigate the risks. This role is critical inmaintaining the organization's overall security posture and ensuring compliance with relevant laws, regulations, and policies.References:Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses and study guides cover the roles and responsibilities of incident response team members, highlighting the importance of internal auditors in identifying and addressing security vulnerabilities.

In incident response protocols, incidents are categorized based on their severity, impact, and the urgency of the response required. The categorization helps in prioritizing incident response activities and allocating resources accordingly. A CAT 1 (Category 1) incident is typically considered the highest priority, involving significant threats that require immediate response. Given the scenario where a malware incident in one of the largest social network companies must be reported within 1 hour of discovery/detection, this indicates a high-priority incident due to the potential widespread impact and the need for a rapid response to contain and mitigate the malware's spread. The urgency of the reporting timeframe suggests that the incident is considered critical, aligning with the characteristics of a CAT 1 incident, which necessitates immediate action to prevent significant damage or disruption to the company's operations and services.References:The Incident Handler (ECIH v3) curriculum emphasizes the importance of incident categorization and the establishment of clear reporting and response protocols based on the severity and urgency of incidents. This framework enables organizations to respond effectively to incidents like malware attacks by ensuring that high-priority threatsare quickly identified and addressed.

In a disassociation attack, the attacker sends disassociation frames to a wireless access point (AP) using a spoofed MAC address of a client or to the client pretending to be the AP. This forces the target to disconnect and often reconnect, causing a disruption in the wireless connectivity. Such attacks can be used to create a denial-of-service condition for the client, making the network resource unavailable. The primary objective of this attack is not to eavesdrop but to disrupt the normal operation of the wireless connection between the client and the AP.

References:The concept of disassociation attacks and their impact on wireless network connectivity is covered in cybersecurity training materials and incident response courses, including those related to the ECIH v3 certification. These materials explain the techniques used in various network attacks, including how disassociation attacks are performed and mitigated.

Not enabling default administrative accounts is crucial to ensuring accountability and minimizing the risk of insider attacks by privileged users. By disabling or renaming default accounts, organizations can better track the actions performed by individual administrators, reducing the risk of unauthorized or malicious activities going unnoticed. This practice is part of a broader approach to privilege management that includes limiting permissions to the minimum necessary and monitoring the use of administrative privileges.

References:The ECIH v3 program emphasizes the importance of managing privileged access and ensuring accountability among users with elevated permissions to protect against insider threats and misuse of administrative rights.

Synthetic identity theft is a type of fraud where the perpetrator combines real (often stolen) and fake information to create a new identity. This can include combining a real social security number with a fictitious name, or other variations that result in an identity that is not entirely real but has elements that can pass through verification processes. In the scenario described, Adam is creating a new identity using information from different victims,which is characteristic of synthetic identity theft. This type of fraud is particularly challenging to detect and counter because it does not directly impersonate a single real individual but creates a plausible new identity that can be used to open accounts, obtain credit, and conduct transactions that can be financially beneficial to the attacker.

References:The concept and techniques of synthetic identity theft are covered in detail in the Incident Handler (ECIH v3) curriculum, where the focus is on identifying, understanding, and mitigating various forms of identity theft, including synthetic identity theft, as part of incident response activities.

When a browser does not expire a session after the user fails to logout properly, it is indicative of a vulnerability related to broken authentication. Broken authentication is a security issue where attackers can exploit flaws in the authentication mechanism to impersonate other users or take over their sessions. Failure to properly manage session lifetimes, such as not expiring sessions on logout, can allow an attacker to reuse old sessions or session IDs, potentially gaining unauthorized access to user accounts. This vulnerability is classified under A2: Broken Authentication in the OWASP Top 10, which lists the most critical web application security risks. The OWASP Top 10 serves as a guideline for developers and web application providers to understand and mitigate common security risks.References:The OWASP Top 10 is a widely recognized standard for web application security, often referenced in cybersecurity training and certifications, including the EC-Council's Incident Handler (ECIH v3) curriculum, which covers identification and mitigation of various web application vulnerabilities, including broken authentication.

A Permanent Denial-of-Service (PDoS) attack, also known as "phlashing," is a form of attack that targets hardware, causing irreversible damage to the hardware components, thereby making the device unusable without a replacement or significant hardware intervention. In the scenario described with Zaimasoft, the attackers' actions leading to the damage of hardware components align with the characteristics of a PDoS attack. Unlike Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) or Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, which generally aim to overwhelm a system's resources temporarily, or DRDoS (Distributed Reflection Denial of Service), which involves amplification techniques using third-party servers, aPDoS attack directly damages the physical hardware, necessitating its replacement or reinstallation. This makes PDoS particularly severe due to its permanent impact on the targeted organization's hardware infrastructure.References:Incident Handler (ECIH v3) educational resources detail various types of denial-of-service attacks, including PDoS, highlighting the distinct nature of each attack and its implications on the affected systems, with PDoS being noted for its physical, irreparable impact on hardware components.

Process memory (RAM) is a type of digital evidence that is temporarily stored and requires a constant power supply to retain information. If the power supply is interrupted, the information stored in process memory is lost. This type of evidence can include data about running programs, user actions, system events, and more, making it crucial for forensic analysis, especially in identifying actions taken by both users and malware. Collecting data from process memory helps incident responders understand the state of the system at the time of an incident and can reveal valuable information that is not persisted elsewhere on the device.

References:Incident handling and response training, such as the ECIH v3 program, emphasize the importance of collecting and analyzing volatile data, including process memory, to effectively investigate and respond to cybersecurity incidents.

A permissive security policy is characterized by allowing all activities except those that are explicitly blocked. This approach starts with a default state of allowing access and functionality, with restrictions applied only to known dangerous services, attacks, or behaviors. Such a policy can lead to a wider attack surface because it assumes services and behaviors are safe unless proven otherwise.

• A prudent policy would typically involve more conservative security measures, applying necessary restrictions to protect against identified and potential threats.
• A paranoic policy would be at the extreme end of security measures, possibly blocking more than necessary to ensure the highest level of security, often at the expense of usability or functionality.
• A promiscuous policy, in contrast, would be even more open than a permissive policy, essentially allowing nearly all traffic or actions with minimal restrictions, which is not what Rica observed.

References:In the context of the ECIH v3 course by EC-Council, reviewing and understanding the implications of security policies, like the permissive policy identified by Rica, is crucial for incident handlers to assess and improve organizational security postures.

During the incident handling and response (IH&R) process, the stage of "Evidence gathering and forensics analysis" involves the collection of evidence, forensic analysis, and detailed investigation to uncover the root cause of the incident. This stage is crucial for understanding how the incident occurred, identifying the threat actors involved, the methods they used (threat vectors), and the extent of the impact. By analyzing evidence, incident responders can reconstruct the sequence of events, identify the vulnerabilities exploited, and determine the scope of the incident. This information is vital for resolving the incident effectively and taking steps to prevent future occurrences.

References:The importance of evidence gathering and forensic analysis in the incident handling and response process is emphasized in ECIH v3 courses and study materials. These resources provide guidance on how to conduct thorough investigations to understand the nature of security incidents fully and develop effective mitigation strategies.

Email Dossier is a tool designed to perform detailed investigations on email messages to verify their authenticity and trace their origin. It can analyze email headers and provide information about the route an email has taken, the servers it passed through, and potentially malicious links or origins. For an incident handler like Stenley, tasked with verifying the validity of emails and containing malicious email threats, Email Dossier serves as a practical tool for analyzing and validating emails received by employees. By using this tool, Stenley can identify fraudulent or suspicious emails, thereby helping to protect the organization from phishing attacks, malware distribution, and other email-based threats.

References:In the context of managing and mitigating the risks associated with email communications, ECIH v3 study materials outline various tools and techniques for email analysis and validation. These resources recommend the use of tools like Email Dossier for incident handlers to effectively scrutinize incoming emails for security threats.

In this scenario, the inability to access the file server via Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), despite the server being pingable and other services functioning normally, suggests a service-specific disruption rather than a complete system shutdown or broader network issue. This pattern is indicative of a denial-of-service (DoS) attack targeted at the file server's RDP service or network congestion that specifically affects RDP connectivity. A DoS attack aims to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a host connected to the Internet. The fact that other services (like email) are operational rules out broader system or admin account issues, pointing towards a specific problem with accessing the file server, most likely due to a denial-of-service condition.References:Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses teach systems administrators and security professionals to diagnose and respond to various security incidents, including DoS attacks, by understanding symptoms and isolating issues based on the services affected.

A negligent insider is an individual within an organization who, due to a lack of knowledge on security threats or in an attempt to increase workplace efficiency, inadvertently bypasses security procedures or makes errors that compromise security. This type of insider threat is not malicious in intent; rather, it stems from carelessness, oversight, or a lack of proper security training. Such insiders might click on phishing links, mishandle sensitive information, or use unsecured networks for work-related tasks, thereby exposing the organization to potential security breaches. This contrasts with compromised insiders (who are manipulated by external parties), professional insiders (who misuse their access for personal gain), and malicious insiders (who intentionally aim to harm the organization).References:The Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses and study guides discuss different types of insider threats, emphasizing the importance of security awareness training to mitigate the risks associated with negligent insiders.

When Joseph, the IH&R team lead, alerted service providers, developers, and manufacturers about the affected resources, he was engaged in the Containment stage of the Incident Handling and Response (IH&R) process. Containment involves taking steps to limit the spread or impact of an incident and to isolate affected systems to prevent further damage. Alerting relevant stakeholders, including service providers and developers, is part of containment efforts to ensure that the threat does not escalate and that measures are taken to protect unaffected resources. This stage precedes eradication and recovery, focusing on immediate response actions to secure the environment.References:The ECIH v3 certification program outlines the IH&R process stages, explaining the roles and actions involved in containment, including communication with external and internal stakeholders to manage and mitigate the incident's effects.

In the risk assessment process, calculating the probability that a threat source will exploit an existing system vulnerability is known as likelihood analysis. This step involves evaluating how probable it is that the organization's vulnerabilities can be exploited by potential threats, considering various factors such as the nature of the vulnerability, the presence and capability of threat actors, and the effectiveness of current controls. Elizabeth's task of assessing the probability of exploitation is crucial for understanding the risk level associated with different vulnerabilities and for prioritizing risk mitigation efforts based on the likelihood of occurrence.

References:The Certified Incident Handler (ECIH v3) program by EC-Council includes detailed discussions on risk assessment methodologies, where likelihood analysis is highlighted as a key component in evaluating risks to organizational security.

System characterization is the process of defining the boundaries of an IT system, which includes identifying the resources, information, and functionality that constitute the system. This process is crucial for understanding the scope of the system, the data it processes, and the technology it employs. By characterizing a system, incident handlers can better understand the system's normal operations and behaviors, which is essential for identifying anomalies that may indicate a security incident. System characterization involves documenting the hardware, software, network configuration, data flows, and other critical elements of the IT environment. This foundational knowledge supports effective incident handling by providing a baseline against which suspicious activities can be compared.

References:EC-Council's Certified Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses and study guides emphasize the importance of system characterization in the incident handling and response process. It serves as a prerequisite for subsequent steps such as threat identification, vulnerability identification, and the implementation of appropriate controls.

Incident triage is the phase in the Incident Handling and Response (IH&R) process where identified security incidents are analyzed, validated, categorized, and prioritized. This step is crucial for determining the severity of incidents and deciding on the order in which they should be addressed. During triage, incident handlers assess the impact, urgency, and potential harm of an incident to prioritize their response efforts effectively. This ensuresthat resources are allocated efficiently, and the most critical incidents are handled first. Incident recording and assignment involve logging incidents and assigning them to handlers, containment focuses on limiting the extent of damage, and notification involves informing stakeholders about the incident.References:The Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses and study guides detail the IH&R process, emphasizing the importance of triage in managing and responding to security incidents effectively.

BrowsingHistoryView is a tool designed to collect and analyze history data from various web browsers, including Microsoft Edge. It allows users to view the browsing history stored by their browsers in one unified interface. This includes URLs visited, page titles, visit times, and the number of visits to each page. While ChromeHistoryView is specific to Google Chrome, BrowsingHistoryView supports multiple browsers, making it versatile for analyzing history data across different platforms. MZCacheView and MZHistoryView do not exist as tools recognized for this purpose in the context of Microsoft Edge or other browser history analysis.References:Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses and study guides emphasize the importance of using digital forensic tools, such as BrowsingHistoryView, for analyzing web browser data during investigations.