HP HPE3-U01 Aruba Certified Network Technician Exam (ACNT) Exam Practice Test

 The protocol that provides logical addressing used for routing messages across the network towards their destination is the Internet Protocol (IP). IP is a network layer protocol that assigns a unique numerical identifier to each device on a network, called an IP address. IP addresses are used to identify the source and destination of data packets, and to determine the best path to deliver them. IP is a connectionless and best-effort protocol, meaning that it does not guarantee the delivery, order, or integrity of the packets. IP relies on other protocols, such as TCP, to provide reliable and orderly data transfer.

The other options are incorrect because:

B. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a transport layer protocol that provides reliable and orderly data delivery by establishing a connection between devices and providing error-checking and retransmission mechanisms. TCP does not provide logical addressing or routing functions, but it uses IP addresses to identify the endpoints of a connection.

C. Wired Ethernet is a data link layer protocol that defines the physical and logical characteristics of a wired network, such as cable types, frame formats, and MAC addresses. MAC addresses are used to identify the physical devices on a network segment, but they are not used for routing messages across the network. Ethernet does not provide logical addressing or routing functions, but it relies on IP to do so.

D. Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) is a data link layer protocol that allows devices to discover and advertise information about themselves and their neighbors on a network, such as device type, capabilities, port configuration, and VLAN membership. LLDP does not provide logical addressing or routing functions, but it can help network administrators to troubleshoot and optimize the network topology. References:

• Aruba Certified Network Technician (ACNT) | HPE Aruba Networking
• Network Layer Protocols - GeeksforGeeks
• Network protocols and layers A Level Resources - Teach Computer Science

Radio frequency (RF) power is the amount of energy radiated by an antenna or a transmitter in the form of electromagnetic waves. RF power can be measured in different units, such as watts (W), milliwatts (mW), or decibels (dB). However, some units are more convenient than others for expressing RF power due to its logarithmic nature1

Logarithmic units, such as dB, are useful for comparing power levels that span several orders of magnitude, such as the power output of a radio station versus the power received by a mobile device. Logarithmic units also simplify the calculation of power ratios, gains, and losses, as they can be added or subtracted instead of multiplied or divided12

One common logarithmic unit for RF power is the decibel relative to milliwatt (dBm), which is defined as the power level in dB with reference to 1 mW. For example, 0 dBm means 1 mW, 10 dBm means 10 mW, 20 dBm means 100 mW, and so on. Conversely, -10 dBm means 0.1 mW, -20 dBm means 0.01 mW, and so on. The dBm unit is convenient because many RF signals, especially in wireless communication, are at fairly low power levels, and the dBm unit can express them in a short form23

Another logarithmic unit for RF power is the decibel relative to isotrope (dBi), which is defined as the power level in dB with reference to an isotropic radiator, which is a hypothetical antenna that radiates equally in all directions. The dBi unit is used to measure the gain of an antenna, which is the ratio of the power radiated by the antenna in a specific direction to the power radiated by an isotropic radiator. For example, a 3 dBi antenna means that it radiates 3 dB more power than an isotropic radiator in its main direction. The dBi unit is not suitable for expressing absolute power levels, as it depends on the reference antenna45

Therefore, the recommended unit of measurement for expressing RF power due to its logarithmic nature is the dBm, as it is an absolute unit that can compare power levels across a wide range and simplify power calculations. The dBi unit is only used for expressing antenna gain, which is a relative unit that depends on the reference antenna. The other units, such as lumens and milliwatts, are not logarithmic and are not commonly used for RF power measurement12345 References: 1: Radio frequency - Wikipedia 2: dBm - Wikipedia 3: RF power measurement, Part 1: Why and where - Analog IC Tips 4: Radiant intensity - Wikipedia 5: Fundamentals of RF and Microwave Power Measurements - UC Davis

Layer 2 encapsulation is the process of adding a header and a trailer to the data coming from the upper layer (Layer 3) before sending it over the physical medium. The header and the trailer contain information such as source and destination MAC addresses, error detection, and protocol type. The devices that perform Layer 2 encapsulation are usually switches, bridges, or network interface cards (NICs). In the given network diagram, the PC is sending a message to the server. The PC first adds a Layer 2 header and trailer to the data and sends it to Switch-1. Switch-1 performs Layer 2 encapsulation again before forwarding it to the router. The router operates at Layer 3 and does not perform Layer 2 encapsulation. It only removes the Layer 2 header and trailer, checks the destination IP address, and forwards the packet to the next hop. The packet then reaches Switch-2, where Layer 2 encapsulation occurs again before it is sent to the server. The server also performs Layer 2 de-encapsulation by removing the header and trailer and passing the data to the upper layer. Therefore, the devices that have performed Layer 2 encapsulation by the time the message arrives at the server are Switch-1 and Switch-2. References: Understanding Data Link Layer Encapsulation, How Data Encapsulation & De-encapsulation Works?, HDLC Protocol and Encapsulation method Explained

Before routers forward unicast packets, they compare the destination address of the IP header with the unicast routing table entries. This is because routers use the destination IP address to determine the next hop or outgoing interface for the packet. Routers do not care about the source address of the IP header or the Ethernet header, as they are not relevant for forwarding decisions. The inbound port the packet is received in is also not important, as routers use the routing table to make forwarding decisions, not the interface information. Therefore, the correct answer is C. Referenceshttps://networklessons.com/cisco/ccie-routing-switching/unicast-reverse-path-forwarding-urpf

https://www.killtest.com/news_Aruba_Certified_Network_Technician_Exam_ACNT_HPE3-U01_Exam_Questions_Released_2022_659.html

To convert a binary number to a decimal number, we need to follow these steps:

• Write down the binary number and assign a power of 2 to each digit, starting from the rightmost with 2^0.
• Convert each binary digit to its decimal equivalent by multiplying it with its power of 2.
• Add all the decimal values to get the decimal equivalent of the binary number.

Let’s apply these steps to the binary number 10001010:

• 10001010 = 0 × 2^0 + 1 × 2^1 + 0 × 2^2 + 1 × 2^3 + 0 × 2^4 + 0 × 2^5 + 0 × 2^6 + 1 × 2^7
• 10001010 = 0 + 2 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 128
• 10001010 = 138 in decimal

Therefore, the decimal equivalent of the binary number 10001010 is 138 (option A).

References: The answer can be verified by using the following resources:

• Convert 10001010 from binary to decimal - Calculator Online
• How to Convert decimal number 10001010 in binary? - CoolConversion
• 10001010 to decimal - Calculatio
• Binary Code | Binary: 10001010 | Decimal: 138 | Bits: 8

According to the Ethernet cable standards, Cat 6 UTP-based cabling can support 1 Gbps data rates up to 100 meters (328 feet) of cable length. This is the maximum recommended distance for a single cable run between a host and the switch where it is plugged in. If the cable length exceeds 100 meters, the signal quality may degrade and cause errors or lower performance. Cat 6 UTP-based cabling can also support 10 Gbps data rates up to 37-55 meters (121-180 feet), depending on the alien crosstalk atmosphere. However, for 10 Gbps data rates, Cat 6a UTP-based cabling is preferred, as it can support the full 100 meters of cable length. References https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/81114/degradation-of-signal-quality-as-a-function-of-cat-6-cable-length

https://www.howtogeek.com/813419/how-long-can-an-ethernet-cable-be/

The binary equivalent of the decimal number of 233 is 11101001. To find this, we can use the following method:

• Divide 233 by 2 and write down the remainder. The remainder is either 0 or 1.
• Divide the quotient by 2 and write down the new remainder.
• Repeat this process until the quotient is 0.
• Write the remainders from the bottom to the top. This is the binary equivalent.

For example:

Table

Quotient

Remainder

233 / 2

1

116 / 2

0

58 / 2

0

29 / 2

1

14 / 2

0

7 / 2

1

3 / 2

1

1 / 2

1

0 / 2

0

The remainders from the bottom to the top are 11101001, which is the binary equivalent of 233.

References:

1: Decimal to Binary Converter - RapidTables 2: How to Convert Decimal to Binary - wikiHow 3: Decimal to Binary Conversion Methods - GeeksforGeeks

The command to access the second interface of the third slot in a modular ArubaOS-CX switch is interface 1/3/2. This is because the interface numbering format for modular switches is interface slot/module/port, where slot is the chassis slot number, module is the module number within the slot, and port is the port number within the module1. The slot number starts from 1, the module number starts from 0, and the port number starts from 12. Therefore, the second interface of the third slot is interface 1/3/2. The other options are incorrect because they do not follow the correct interface numbering format. References: AOS-CX 10.06 Command-Line Interface Guide 8320, 8

IPv4 or Internet Protocol version 4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol that is used to identify and communicate with devices on the Internet. IPv4 uses a 32-bit address space, which means that each IPv4 address consists of 32 binary digits or bits. These bits can be expressed in different notations, such as decimal, hexadecimal, or binary. The most common notation is the dot-decimal notation, which divides the 32 bits into four groups of eight bits, called octets, and separates them by periods. For example, the IPv4 address 172.16.254.1 is equivalent to the binary address 10101100.00010000.11111110.00000001. The 32-bit address space of IPv4 allows for 2^32or 4,294,967,296 possible addresses, but some of them are reserved for special purposes, such as private networks or multicast addresses12345 References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_version_4

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-ipv4/

Ethernet is a protocol that provides frame delivery using physical addressing and error detection using frame check sequence. Ethernet frames have a source and destination MAC address that identify the physical devices on the network. Ethernet frames also have a frame check sequence (FCS) field that uses a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) to detect errors in the frame. If the receiver calculates a different FCS value than the one in the frame, it discards the frame and may request a retransmission. Link Layer DiscoveryProtocol (LLDP) is a protocol that allows devices to discover and advertise information about themselves and their neighbors. TCP/IP is a suite of protocols that operate at the network and transport layers, not the data link layer. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a transport layer protocol that provides connectionless and unreliable data delivery, without error detection or correction. References: Ethernet Frame Format - Aruba, Frame check sequence - Wikipedia

The header in the exhibit belongs to the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is a transport layer protocol that provides connectionless and unreliable data delivery. UDP header consists of four fields: Source Port, Destination Port, Length, and Checksum. The Source Port and Destination Port fields identify the endpoints of the communication, and are 16 bits each. The Length field specifies the total length of the UDP datagram, including the header and the data, and is also 16 bits. The Checksum field is used to verify the integrity of the UDP datagram, and is optional in IPv4 but mandatory in IPv6. The Checksum field is also 16 bits.

The other options are incorrect because:

B. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is another transport layer protocol that provides connection-oriented and reliable data delivery. TCP header has more fields than UDP header, such as Sequence Number, Acknowledgment Number, Window Size, etc. TCP header is at least 20 bytes long, while UDP header is only 8 bytes long.

C. 802.11 Wi-Fi is a set of standards for wireless local area networks (WLANs). 802.11 Wi-Fi header is different from UDP header, as it contains fields such as Frame Control, Duration, Address 1, Address 2, Address 3, etc. 802.11 Wi-Fi header is at least 24 bytes long, while UDP header is only 8 bytes long.

D. Ethernet Protocol is a data link layer protocol that defines the physical and logical characteristics of a wired network. Ethernet header is different from UDP header, as it contains fields such as Destination MAC Address, Source MAC Address, EtherType, etc. Ethernet header is 14 bytes long, while UDP header is 8 bytes long.

E. Internet Protocol (IP) is a network layer protocol that provides logical addressing and routing for data packets. IP header is different from UDP header, as it contains fields such as Version, Internet Header Length, Type of Service, Total Length, Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset, Time to Live, Protocol, Header Checksum, Source IP Address, Destination IP Address, etc. IP header is at least 20 bytes long, while UDP header is 8 bytes long. References:

• Aruba Certified Network Technician (ACNT) | HPE Aruba Networking
• User Datagram Protocol - Wikipedia
• Transmission Control Protocol - Wikipedia
• IEEE 802.11 - Wikipedia
• Ethernet frame - Wikipedia
• [IP header - Wikipedia]

The management plane is the logical path of all traffic related to the management of the device. Examples of protocols processed in the management plane are Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Telnet, HTTP, Secure HTTP (HTTPS), and SSH. These management protocols are used for monitoring and for command-line interface (CLI) access12. Therefore, HTTPS and SSH are protocols that operate on the management plane, while the other options are not. TCP is a transport layer protocol that provides reliable data delivery for various applications, but it is not specific to the management plane3. ARP is a network layer protocol that resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses, but it is not used for device management4. STP is a data link layer protocol that prevents loops in switched networks, but it is not related to the management plane5. References: 1: Management Plane Protection - Cisco 2: Planes of Operation > IP Routing on Cisco IOS, IOS XE, and IOS XR: How … 3: [Transmission Control Protocol - Wikipedia] 4: [Address Resolution Protocol - Wikipedia] 5: [Spanning Tree Protocol - Wikipedia] : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol

 Switches and routers are both networking devices that operate at different layers of the OSI model and perform different functions. The key differences between L2 switches and routers are:

• Switches operate at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model, while routers operate at the network layer (Layer 3). This means that switches forward frames based on the MAC addresses of the source and destination devices, while routers route packets based on the IP addresses of the source and destination networks.
• Switches build a MAC table that maps MAC addresses to switch ports, while routers build a routing table that maps IP addresses to next-hop interfaces. The MAC table is used by switches to determine which port to send a frame to, while the routing table is used by routers to determine which interface to send a packet to.
• Switches offer a considerably higher port density than routers, meaning that they can connect more devices to the network. Switches typically have dozens or hundreds of Ethernet ports, while routers usually have a few Ethernet ports and other types of ports such as ADSL, cable, fiber, dial-up, etc. Switches are used to create LAN segments, while routers are used to connect different networks or subnets.
• Switches are faster than routers because they do not take up time looking at the network layer header information. Switches can forward frames at wire speed, while routers need to process packets at the network layer and perform additional functions such as NAT, firewall, QoS, etc.

References: Switch (L2/L3) Vs Router: Comparison and Differences in TCP/IP Networks, Key Differences Between Routers and Different Types of Switches, Layer 2 Switch - How it operates, when to use it - Network Encyclopedia, Layer 2 switching - Study-CCNA, Differences Between Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switches｜Which one do you need？

In the given network diagram, PC-1 is sending a packet to PC-2. The Layer 2 source address refers to the MAC address of the sender, which is PC-1 in this case. From the image, we can see that PC-1 has a MAC address of 00:50:56:B1:94:9F (option D), but option A provides another MAC address (90:20:C2:BC:2D:FD) associated with the multilayer switch’s interface connected to PC-2. Since switches change the source MAC to their own when forwarding packets, option A is correct.

The Layer 3 source address refers to the IP address of the sender (PC-1). From the image, it’s clear that PC-1 has an IP address of 10.2.1.10 (option C).

References: The answer can be verified by understanding how multilayer switches operate in a network and how they handle MAC addresses during packet forwarding. You can find more information about this topic in the following resources:

• Aruba Certified Network Technician (ACNT) | HPE Aruba Networking
• Education Services | HPE Aruba Networking
• Aruba Certified Network Technician University Promotion

The TCP/IP model is a hierarchical protocol for network communication. It consists of four layers: the application layer, the transport layer, the internet layer, and the network interface layer. Each layer has specific functions and protocols that enable data transmission over the internet123

The TCP/IP model does not specify how to compress, fragment, encrypt, or analyze data. These are functions that may be performed by some protocols at different layers, but they are not part of the TCP/IP model itself. Therefore, option B is incorrect.

The TCP/IP model does not depend on the underlying physical network or data link technology. It can work on any network that supports IP addressing and routing, such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, ATM, etc. Therefore, options A and E are incorrect.

The TCP/IP model specifies how to assemble, address, transmit, route, and disassemble a data packet. This is the core function of the internet layer, which uses the Internet Protocol (IP) to perform these tasks. IP is responsible for delivering packets from the source to the destination, based on the IP addresses of the hosts. Therefore, option C is correct.

The TCP/IP model is a set of communication protocols used on IP-based networks only. This means that any network that supports the internet layer of the TCP/IP model can use the TCP/IP protocols. IP-based networks are the most common and widely used networks in the world, as they enable the interconnection of different networks and devices across the internet. Therefore, option D is correct. References: https://www.guru99.com/tcp-ip-model.html

https://www.javatpoint.com/computer-network-tcp-ip-model

The subnet mask 255.255.252.0 is equivalent to the CIDR notation /22, which means that 22 bits are used for the network prefix and 10 bits are used for the host part. To calculate the number of addresses that this subnet mask provides, we can use the formula2n−2, wherenis the number of bits in the host part. In this case,n=10, so the number of addresses is210−2=1024−2=1022. The subtraction of 2 is because the first and the last addresses are reserved for the network identifier and the broadcast address, respectively. Therefore, the subnet mask 255.255.252.0 provides 1022 usable addresses for hosts, plus 2 reserved addresses, for a total of 1024 addresses.References:IP Subnet Calculator,How many host addresses are available on the network … - ITExamAnswers

To establish a secure web connection to YouTube.com, the computer will run two protocols: DNS and HTTPS. DNS (Domain Name System) is a protocol that translates domain names into IP addresses, which are used to identify and locate web servers on the internet. HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is a protocol that encrypts and authenticates data transfer between a web browser and a web server, ensuring the security and integrity of the communication.

The computer does not need to run DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), or HTTP5 (a non-existent protocol) to connect to YouTube.com. DHCP is a protocol that assigns IP addresses to devices on a network automatically, but the computer already has a static address configured. FTP is a protocol that transfers files between a client and a server, but it is not used for web browsing. HTTP5 is not a valid protocol name, and it is likely a typo for HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), which is the unsecure version of HTTPS. References:

• Aruba Certified Network Technician (ACNT) | HPE Aruba Networking
• 6 Network Security Protocols You Should Know | Cato Networks
• What is HTTPS? | Cloudflare

 The TCP three-way handshake is a process that is used in a TCP/IP network to create a connection between a client and a server. It involves the exchange of three packets: SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK. The goal of the TCP three-way handshake is to establish a reliable, flow-controlled connection between the two endpoints. This means that the connection is able to ensure that the data is transmitted without errors, losses, or duplications, and that the data is sent at a rate that both sides can handle.

The TCP three-way handshake works as follows:

• The client initiates the connection by sending a SYN packet to the server. The SYN packet contains a random sequence number that indicates the starting point of the data that the client will send.
• The server responds to the client by sending a SYN-ACK packet. The SYN-ACK packet contains the server’s own sequence number and an acknowledgment number that is equal to the client’s sequence number plus one. This indicates that the server has received the client’s SYN packet and is ready to receive data from the client.
• The client completes the handshake by sending an ACK packet to the server. The ACK packet contains an acknowledgment number that is equal to the server’s sequence number plus one. This indicates that the client has received the server’s SYN-ACK packet and is ready to send data to the server.

After the TCP three-way handshake is completed, the connection is established and the data transfer can begin.

References: The answer can be verified by using the following resources:

• TCP 3-Way Handshake Process - GeeksforGeeks
• TCP 3-Way Handshake (SYN, SYN-ACK,ACK) - Guru99
• Akamai Blog | What is a TCP Three-Way Handshake?
• What is a Three-Way Handshake? - Definition from Techopedia
• What is TCP 3-Way Handshake, Benefits, and Drawbacks? - Networking Signal