Fortinet NSE7_PBC-7.2 Fortinet NSE 7 - Public Cloud Security 7.2 Exam Practice Test

Network ACLs are stateless, and they evaluate each packet separately based on the rules that you define. The rules are processed in order, starting with the lowest numbered rule1. If the traffic matches a rule, the rule is applied and no further rules are evaluated1. Therefore, if you want to allow SSH traffic to a subnet, you must create a new allow SSH rule above rule number 5, which denies SSH and telnet traffic. Otherwise, the deny rule will take precedence and block the SSH traffic.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Creating a new allow SSH rule below rule number 5 will not allow SSH traffic, because the deny rule will be evaluated first and block the traffic.
• Creating a new allow SSH rule anywhere in the network ACL rule base will not guarantee that SSH traffic will be allowed, because it depends on the order of the rules. If the allow SSH rule is below the deny rule, it will not be effective.
• You cannot rely on the default security group rule to allow SSH traffic to the subnet, because network ACLs act as an additional layer of security for your VPC. Even if your security group allows SSH traffic, your network ACL must also allow it. Otherwise, the traffic will be blocked at the subnet level.

For Transit Gateway Connect peers in an IPv4 BGP configuration, the correct statements are:

• The inside CIDR blocks are used for BGP peering (Option A):In a BGP configuration for Transit Gateway Connect, the inside CIDR blocks, typically within the 169.254.0.0/16 range, are designated for the BGP peering connections. These blocks are reserved for internal network protocols and are commonly used in AWS for automatic IP address assignment within managed networking services.
• You must specify a /29 CIDR block from the 169.254.0.0/16 range (Option C):It is a requirement to specify a /29 CIDR block within the 169.254.0.0/16 range for setting up the network interfaces that facilitate BGP peering. This specific range allows for the necessary number of IP addresses to establish BGP sessions effectively between the transit gateway and on-premises or other virtual appliances.

References:These practices are in line with AWS guidelines for Transit Gateway Connect, which stipulate the use of specified CIDR blocks for internal networking and BGP configurations, ensuring seamless connectivity and routing management.

Confirming to delete all the resources in Terraform will have the following impact:

D.It destroys all the resources in the state file.

• Terraform State File Role:Theterraform.tfstatefile contains a real-time mapping of the resources that Terraform manages, including their current configuration and relationships. This file tracks the actual state of resources provisioned by Terraform.
• Impact of Destruction:When Terraform prompts for confirmation to destroy resources, and 'yes' is entered, Terraform reads the state file and systematically removes all the resources that are managed as part of that state. This is not limited to a specific .tfvars file, IAM user, or resource group—it is a global action that affects all resources tracked by the state file associated with the current Terraform workspace and configuration.

References:The function of theterraform.tfstatefile and the impact of resource destruction are detailed in Terraform's official documentation. This behavior is fundamental to how Terraform manages infrastructure as code.

The correct answer is A and C. A transport attachment and a connect attachment are necessary to connect a transit gateway to an existing VPC with BGP.

According to the AWS documentation for Transit Gateway, a transit gateway is a network transit hub that connects VPCs and on-premises networks. To connect a transit gateway to an existing VPC with BGP, you need to do the following steps:

• Create a transport attachment. A transport attachment is a resource that connects a VPC or VPN to a transit gateway. You can specify the BGP options for the transport attachment, such as the autonomous system number (ASN) and the BGP peer IP address.
• Create a connect attachment. A connect attachment is a resource that enables you to use your own appliance to provide network services for traffic that flows through the transit gateway. You can use a connect attachment to route traffic between the transport attachment and your appliance using GRE tunnels and BGP.

The other options are incorrect because:

• A BGP attachment is not a valid type of attachment for a transit gateway. BGP is a protocol that enables dynamic routing between the transit gateway and the VPC or VPN.
• A GRE attachment is not a valid type of attachment for a transit gateway. GRE is a protocol that encapsulates packets for tunneling purposes. GRE tunnels are established between the connect attachment and your appliance.

[Transit Gateways - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud] : [Transit Gateway Connect - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud]

To configure a FortiGate VM to add to FortiCNP, you need to perform three steps on FortiGate:

• Enable send logs in FortiGate to allow FortiCNP to receive the IPS logs from FortiGate.
• Create an SSL/SSH inspection profile on FortiGate to inspect the encrypted traffic and apply IPS protection.
• Create an IPS sensor and a firewall policy on FortiGate to enable IPS detection and prevention for the traffic.

References:

• FortiCNP 22.4.a Administration Guide, page 22-24
• FortiGate IPS Administration Guide, page 9-10

The exhibit shows the results of a FortiCNP registry scan, which is part of the FortiCNP container protection. FortiCNP’s Container Protection provides deep visibility into the security posture of container registries and images1. The registry scan utilizes Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) index regularly updated by NVD to detect underlying vulnerabilities, security flaws, and provides security best practices2. The registry scan is performed at the registry level, and it can scan all images in a repository if the Tag section is left blank when adding a repository2. The CAP section stands for Container Assurance Policy, which defines the minimum number of images to be scanned per repository3. Therefore, the correct statements are A and C. References: Container Image Scan | FortiCNP 22.3.a, FortiCNP, Cloud Native Application Protection Platform | FortiCNP

For automating the process of adding new spoke VPCs in a transit VPC architecture within Amazon Web Services (AWS), the two relevant features are:

• AWS Transit Gateway (Option C):This service is crucial for managing connectivity between VPCs and other networks without routing traffic through the public internet. It acts as a hub that controls how traffic is routed among all the connected networks, which simplifies network management and minimizes latency.
• Amazon CloudWatch (Option D):CloudWatch provides monitoring and observability services that are essential for managing the health and performance of the AWS infrastructure, including Transit Gateways. It allows administrators to set alarms and react to changes in AWS resources, which is vital for the dynamic addition and integration of new spoke VPCs into the transit VPC architecture.

References:AWS official documentation on Transit Gateways and CloudWatch details these services' roles in enhancing network management and monitoring, essential for effective and automated transit VPC operations.

For configuring the failover settings on a FortiGate active-passive SDN connector solution in Microsoft Azure, the two mandatory settings required after the initial deployment are:

A.Subscription-id

D.Resource group name

• Subscription ID:This is a unique identifier for your Azure subscription under which all resources are created and billed. FortiGate needs this to interact with the Azure resources associated with that subscription.
• Resource Group Name:A resource group in Azure is a container that holds related resources for an Azure solution. The SDN connector requires the resource group name to correctly identify and manage the resources it should control, especially in a failover scenario.

References:The requirement for these specific details is found in Azure's best practices for resource management and Fortinet's documentation on deploying and configuring FortiGate appliances in Azure environments.

Securing container environments from newly emerged security threats involves employing specific security mechanisms tailored to the technology and structure of containers. In this context, the use of Docker-related application control signatures (Option D) is critical for effectively managing and mitigating threats in containerized environments.

• Docker-Specific Threats:Docker containers, being a prevalent form of container technology, are targeted by various security threats, including those that exploit vulnerabilities specific to the Docker environment and runtime. Using Docker-related application control signatures means implementing security measures that are specifically designed to detect and respond to anomalies and threats that are unique to Docker containers.
• Application Control Signatures:These are sets of definitions that help identify and block potentially malicious activities within application traffic. By focusing on Docker-related signatures, administrators can ensure that the security tools are finely tuned to the operational specifics of Docker containers, thereby providing a robust defense against exploits that target container-specific vulnerabilities.

References:The recommendation to use Docker-related application control signatures is based on best practices for securing container environments, emphasizing the need for specialized security measures that address the unique challenges posed by container technologies.

Terraform manages and tracks the state of infrastructure resources through a file known asterraform.tfstate. This file is automatically created by Terraform and is updated after the application of a Terraform plan to capture the current state of the resources.

• State File Purpose:Theterraform.tfstatefile contains a JSON object that records the IDs and properties of resources Terraform manages, so that it can map real-world resources to your configuration, keep track of metadata, and improve performance for large infrastructures.
• State File Management:This file is crucial for Terraform to perform resource updates, deletions, and for creating dependencies. It's essentially the 'source of truth' for Terraform about your managed infrastructure and services.

References:This behavior is documented in Terraform's official documentation, which explains how theterraform.tfstatefile is used to keep track of the infrastructure Terraform is managing.

• A is correct because in this deployment, the passive FortiGate issues API calls to Azure to update the routing table and the public IP address of the active FortiGate123. This way, the traffic is redirected to the new active FortiGate after a failover.
• B is incorrect because the vdom-exception command is used to exclude specific VDOMs from being synchronized in an HA cluster.This command is not related to this deployment scenario.
• C is incorrect because Microsoft Azure does provide an SLA for API calls. According to the Azure Service Level Agreements, the API Management service has a monthly uptime percentage of at least 99.9% for the standard tier and higher.
• D is correct because by default, the configuration is not synchronized between the primary and secondary devices in this deployment. The administrator needs to manually enable configuration synchronization on both devices123. Alternatively, the administrator can use FortiManager to manage and synchronize the configuration of both devices4.

A VPC attachment is the type of attachment that allows you to connect a VPC to a TGW and advertise routes through BGP. A VPC attachment creates a VPN connection between the VPC and the TGW, and enables dynamic routing with BGP. A connect attachment is used to connect a VPN or Direct Connect gateway to a TGW. A route attachment is not a valid type of attachment for TGW. A GRE attachment is used to connect a FortiGate device to a TGW using GRE tunnels. References:

• Creating the TGW and related resources
• Configuring TGW route tables
• FortiGate Public Cloud 7.2.0 - Fortinet Documentation
• Updating the route table and adding an IAM policy

When using an AWS CloudFormation template to add a new spoke to an existing transit VPC environment, the necessary components are:

• The BGPASN value used for the transit VPC (Option C):BGP Autonomous System Number (ASN) is required for setting up BGP routing between the transit VPC and the new spoke. This number uniquely identifies the system in BGP routing and is crucial for correct routing and avoiding routing conflicts.
• The tag value of the spoke (Option D):Tags in AWS are used to identify and manage resources. The tag value assigned to a spoke VPC helps in organizing, managing, and locating the VPC within the larger AWS environment. Tags are essential for automation scripts and policies that depend on specific identifiers to apply configurations or rules.

References:AWS CloudFormation and AWS Transit Gateway documentation provide guidance on the use of BGPASN and tags for managing and automating VPC deployments effectively.

The variables.tf file shows that the FortiGate VM will be deployed in the eu-West-Ia region with private and public subnets. The region variable is set to “eu-west-1” and the availability_zone variable is set to “eu-west-1a”. The vpc_id variable is set to “vpc-0e9d6a6f” and the subnets variable is set to a list of two subnet IDs: “subnet-0f9d6a6f” and “subnet-1f9d6a6f”. The license_type variable is set to “on-demand” and the ami_id variable is set to “ami-0e9d6a6f”.

References: https://docs.fortinet.com/document/fortigate/6.4.0/aws-cookbook/236478/deploying-fortigate-vm-on-aws-using-terraform

For deploying a FortiGate VM using Terraform in AWS, the administrator must use:

B.Use the Name of the key pair.

• Terraform and AWS SSH Keys:When deploying instances in AWS using Terraform, it is required to specify the name of the SSH key pair to enable key-based authentication to the instance post-deployment.
• Configuration Syntax:The variablekeynamewithin the Terraform configuration should match the exact name of the SSH key pair as it is stored in AWS. This ensures that Terraform can reference the correct key during the deployment process to set up SSH access to the FortiGate VM.
• Terraform Variables:Thevariable "keyname"block in the Terraform configuration will look for the key pair name as it should be declared in theterraform.tfvarsfile or passed as a variable during execution. This does not require the key pair's ID or fingerprint, just its name.

References:The need for the SSH key pair's name in Terraform configurations for AWS deployments is outlined in the Terraform AWS Provider documentation, which specifies how resources should be provisioned using Terraform.

Immutable infrastructure is a DevOps approach that emphasizes the creation of disposable resources instead of modifying existing ones1. This approach helps to achieve stability, consistency, and predictability in IT operations by reducing the risk of configuration drift and eliminating stateful components1.

One way to implement immutable infrastructure is to use a blue-green deployment strategy, which runs two live environments for configuration changes2. The blue environment is the current production environment, while the green environment is the new version of the application or service. When the green environment is ready, the traffic is switched from blue to green, and the blue environment is destroyed or kept as a backup2. This way, there is no need to update or patch the existing infrastructure, but rather replace it with a new one.

References:

• 1: Immutable Infrastructure, Architecture, and its benefits
• 2: Introduction to Immutable Infrastructure – BMC Software | Blogs

According to the AWS documentation for Transit Gateway, a Transit Gateway is a network transit hub that connects VPCs and on-premises networks. To route traffic from Linux instances to the TGW, you need to do the following steps:

• In the TGW route table, associate two attachments. An attachment is a resource that connects a VPC or VPN to a Transit Gateway. By associating the attachments to the TGW route table, you enable the TGW to route traffic between the VPCs and the VPN.
• In the main subnet routing table in VPC A and B, add a new route with destination 0_0.0.0/0, next hop TGW. This route directs all traffic from the Linux instances to the TGW, which can then forward it to the appropriate destination based on the TGW route table.

The other options are incorrect because:

• In the TGW route table, adding route propagation to 192.168.0 0/16 is not necessary, as this is already the default route for the TGW. Route propagation allows you to automatically propagate routes from your VPC or VPN to your TGW route table.
• In the main subnet routing table in VPC A and B, adding a new route with destination 0_0.0.0/0, next hop Internet gateway (IGW) is not correct, as this would bypass the TGW and send all traffic directly to the internet. An IGW is a VPC component that enables communication between instances in your VPC and the internet.

[Transit Gateways - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud]